Short-answer
- "If we take care of individuals, the groups will take care of
themselves” (Allport, 1919, p.229). This has been a guiding
statement for the development of Social Psychology in North
America. List some of the social psychology issues or problems
that have been largely ignored by North American researchers and
briefly explain why they have been ignored.
- What is a group? What isn't a group?
- What are the effects of groups on individuals?
- What is Social Facilitation and why does it occur?
- What is Social Loafing and why does it occur?
- How can Social Loafing be minimised?
- What effect does "being in a group" have on decision making?
- Does group brainstorming enhance creativity? Explain.
- What is the mere group effect?
- What happens when interpersonal-oriented leaders and
task-oriented leaders are each combined with
interpersonal-oriented groups and task-oriented groups?
Multiple choice
Which one is not a group?
a. Ed and
Naomi playing cards
b. Three babies, between 9 and 11 months old,
in a play room
c. The Smith
family: Gerald, Becka, and Bob
d. All the women in the city of Richmond who
have vanity plates
e. All are groups
The evidence on group decision-making suggests that the
judgements made by members in a group are __________________ than
the mean of individual members’ initial position made individually.
a. more risky
b. less risky
c. about equally risky
d. more informed
e. less informed
Risky shift is an example of_________________.
a. group exaggeration
b. group polarisation
c. group consensus
d. groupthink
e. groupiness
When people are in a big group, and they are wearing masks, the
probability is increased that they will:
a. become deindividuated
b. become frustrated
c. become dehumanised
d. have a catharsis
e. become violent
A likely reason for a group to decide to be more extreme than
most of its members’ initial positions is that members :
a. are exposed to new arguments which support and go further than
their existing position
b. feel obliged to agree with the majority
c. often just want to get the job over with
d. are fearful of looking foolish to other group members
e. engage in social loafing
If timber companies engage in excess logging of native forests, they
may gain financially in the short-term but the resource may be lost
to all in the long-term. This is an example of:
a. a commons dilemma
b. a public goods dilemma
c. the free-rider effect
d. social loafing
e. none of the above
The Collective Effort Model argues that social loafing occurs
because of:
a. a diffusion of individual responsibility as group size increases
b. co-ordination losses in groups
c. decreased social impact of instructions to work harder in groups
d. evaluation apprehension
e. weak links between an individual’s efforts and their outcomes
when working in groups
An experiment by Triplett in 1898 was a forerunner to later work
dealing with:
a. social facilitation
b. group dynamics
c. attitude measurement
d. prejudice
e. social influence
An experiment performed by Latane, Williams and Harkins (1979),
where participants had to shout loudly either alone or in real or
pseudo groups, demonstrated:
a. the difference between co-ordination loss and motivation loss in
groups.
b. social facilitation
c. social inhibition
d. group polarisation
e. the operation of evaluation apprehension in groups
According to the drive theory of social facilitation, the presence
of others:
a. facilitates performance on skilled tasks
b. inhibits performance on skilled tasks
c. facilitates performance on unskilled tasks
d. inhibits performance on unskilled tasks
e. facilitates performance on skilled tasks and inhibits performance
on unskilled tasks
According to Zajonc's drive theory of social facilitation, the
presence of others produces an increase in:
a. feelings of responsibility
b. diffusion of responsibility
c. arousal
d. empathy
Someone who takes advantage of a shared public
resource, without contributing to its maintenance, is known as:
a. a delinquent
b. a beneficiary
c. a generalised social loafer
d. a free rider
e. an outgroup member
Social loafing can be reduced by:
a. increasing anonymity in groups
b. decreasing the value of the group task
c. increasing identification with the group
d. weakening the links between effort, performance and outcomes
e. all of the above
Which describes the social loafing phenomenon?
a. when people are doing a task, they work harder when getting paid
for it
when people are doing a task, they work harder when it's their own
project rather than one they've been assigned
when people work together on a joint task, each member exerts less
effort than when they work alone
when people are doing a task, they work harder when being watched
Social loafing seems to occur:
a. consistently across various kinds of cultures
in individualistic cultures, but not in collectivistic cultures
in collectivistic cultures, but not in individualistic cultures
among male participants, but not among female participants
Some
researchers have led participants to believe that their individual
output could be readily identified, even when they were working in a
group. Results indicate that:
a. social loafing was reduced under these circumstances
social loafing was increased under these circumstances
social loafing was unaffected under these circumstances
participants did not believe their individual output could be
identified; thus, there were no meaningful results
One way to
decrease social loafing relies on:
a. relaxing conformity norms in favor of individually driven norms
decreasing reward salience
having group members perform disjunctive tasks
increasing group members commitment to task performance
Bobby studies group productivity by watching same- and mixed-sex groups in
the library, and keeping a record of how much time they spend talking versus
studying. Bobby is carrying out a(n) ___ study.
a. survey
b.
experimental
c. observational
d. case study
Which one of the following statements is false?
a. Conflict with
outgroups increases internal cohesion.
b. Outgroup rejection is stronger than
ingroup favoritism.
c. Conflict with outgroups sometimes increases outgroup
rejection.
d. Between-group boundaries become stronger during conflict.
e.
Conflict between groups promotes the development of a group identity.
The evaluation apprehension hypothesis predicts that social facilitation of a
performer's behavior will occur when the performer is observed by an audience
that:
a. wears blindfolds and earplugs to keep them from observing the performer
b. is merely present
c. can observe and evaluate the performer
d. all of the above should produce the same level of social facilitation
According to equity theory, a common reaction by persons who perceive they've
received a lesser outcome than they deserve in a relationship is:
a. to increase their contributions to the relationship
to decrease their contributions to the relationship
to seek smaller outcomes in the relationship
the examine their own outcomes without paying attention to the partner's
outcomes
If a group composed of students who moderately approve of cheating get together
to exchange their shared views, then the group polarization hypothesis predicts
that their views after the discussion will be:
a. more extreme than the views they initially held
b. less extreme than the views the initially held
c. no different than the views they initially held
d. split apart into opposing groups, some in favor and some against cheating
Group memberships that become a part of the working self-concept contribute to a
sense of:
a. self-esteem
b. self-efficacy
c. self-focusing
d. social identity
Niles has just been invited to join a prestigious social group (snobs-r-us).
Only 4 people per year are accepted into this group. Such a. a. acceptance
should enhance Niles':
b. self-concept
c. financial status
d. self-assessment
e. self-monitoring
The differences in relative position or rank of persons in a group, such as some
roles carry considerable prestige, are reflections of differences in:
a. status
b. norms
c. role ambiguity
d. cohesiveness
Group behaviors are generally dictated by:
a. the path of least resistance
b. group norms
c. the path of least stress
d. social facilitation
Which of the following situations is an example of the effects of social
facilitation?
a. finishing a paper an hour before it is due to be handed in
b. a beginner raising the level of her tennis game in front of a crowd
c. helping another to finish a typing task more quickly
d. an athlete senior tripping on the approach to the long jump in front of the
track team
Whether social facilitation helps or hinders performance depends on whether:
a. many people are watching
b. the dominant response is the correct one
c. the task performer knows the watchers
d. the task causes positive or negative affect